Light Pollution free essay sample

Global Context of Nursing Paper NURS 4100 Section M March 31, 2010 York University Global Context of Nursing Paper: Light Pollution Over the past decade evidence has been mounting that excessive outdoor lighting is not only an aesthetic issue, but a potentially hazardous environmental one as well (Berg, 2009). Research has shown that excessive lighting is directly responsible for the exponentially growing problem of light pollution (Chepesiuk, 2009). The negative effects of light pollution have been well documented in humans, animals and the overall eco-system (Berg, 2009; Chepesik, 2009). In fact, a compelling amount of epidemiological evidence points to a consistent association between exposure to excessive light and a plethora of related health ailments. Luckily, according to Berg (2009), light pollution is one of the easiest pollutants to reduce. As such, it is imperative that immediate steps be taken in eradicating this solvable issue, as disregarding it will only exacerbate the effects it has on us and the non-human citizens of our planet. We will write a custom essay sample on Light Pollution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The following paper will explore the issue of light pollution, based on the frameworks, analyses, discussions, and evaluations embedded in the philosophy of this course. It will discuss the issue, evaluate it based on the global context of nursing and conclude with our intentions for action. As nurses comprise of the largest group of healthcare providers, it is imperative that they continuously strive to improve health within the global community (Leuning, 2001). As today’s world is extremely fast paced and ever changing, in order for nurses to fully participate within the current healthcare arenas, they too must adapt to the ever changing dynamics of this world. The present challenge for nurses lies in the fact that nursing education must create teaching-learning environments which facilitate the emergence of the global perspective and the awareness of the interconnectedness between us, and the other inhabitants of this world. As such, Leuning (2001) proposes her teaching-learning principles, derived from her conceptualizations, with the aim of facilitating this global perspective. The predominant principle pertaining to the issue of light pollution is the principle of peacemaking, as it speaks of respect for all others on this earth, as well as for the earth itself. According to Leuning (2001), despite the inherent differences within our belief and value systems, peacemaking assumes that people will nevertheless honor each other’s dignity, respect and use the Earth’s resources fairly and responsibly, as well as value all other life. As the issue of light pollution disregards all aspects of this principle, it is best illuminated here. As the greedy corporations around the world show utter disrespect and carelessness toward the human and non-human inhabitants of this world, by negatively impacting their health via lighting, the peacemaking principle is clearly omitted. Despite the noted damaging effects, people continuously choose to ignore the message behind this principle and consciously persist to damage the surrounding sentient life. Not only does light pollution attribute to the depletion of our resources, as a result of wasteful fossil fuel consumption (U. S. Energy Information Administration, 2010), it also leads to many dysfunctions within the human body, as well as negatively impacts both animals and plants (Navara amp; Nelson, 2007; Longcore amp; Rich, 2004). In spite of these findings, those profiting from lighting continue to carry on, neglecting their responsibilities as the citizens of this world, and as such persist to harm the species and dishonour human dignity. According to the Ottawa Charter (1986) and Jakarta Declaration (1997), certain fundamental resources and conditions must be initially in place, prior to health being present. Unfortunately, the issue of light pollution has created a circumstance where the attainment of health for all is virtually impossible. Light pollution has created such instability within the eco-system, that the non-human citizens are now being impacted daily by its horrific effects. Longcore and Rich (2004) have concluded that the sky glow resulting from artificial lighting leads to alterations in reproductive activities, predator/prey interactions, as well as in orientation capabilities. Such alterations have the ability to result in large-scale ecological changes, and impact the survival capabilities of key species within the environment. In addition, a basic human right, the right to health, is also being disrespected as light trespass (unwanted light entering one’s property) invades our personal space, causing various negative effects (Chepesiuk, 2009). Moreover, our sustainable resources are also becoming compromised, as they are being rapidly depleted due to the millions of oil barrels wasted each year on illumination (U. S. Energy Information Administration, 2010). Although the ICN, CNA, and RNAO have not taken direct steps toward addressing light pollution, they have however been involved in tackling pollution in general. The ICN has made attempts to address the issue of pollution by collaborating with other groups, as well as educating others and advocating for changes to be made (ICN, 2008). They have tirelessly worked toward influencing decision makers, who encourage practices that pose threats to the health of humans, as well as the overall environment. The RNAO has also recognized that certain environmental factors, such as pollution, attribute to the disease and suffering within our world (RNAO, 2010). Given the seriousness of the consequences associated with pollution, the RNAO has decided to take a stance in protecting human health and the environment. As RNAO’s mandate is to advocate for healthy public policy, they have worked toward implementing the Environmental Protection Act, as well as the Green Energy and Green Economy Act, where resources are made available to conserve energy. RNAO’s mission is to create vibrant communities by building healthier environments, which involves reducing harmful pollutants in the environment. The RNAO recommendations include committing to aggressive targets in order to dramatically increase the green share of energy, and sharply reduce consumption through conservation. RNAO is also working toward making conservation and green energy priorities in planning, regulation, procurement and operation in Ontario. As well, the CNA has made attempts to resolve this issue by working toward making improvements within the current situation of the eco-system (CNA, 2005). CNA has become a member of the Canadian Coalition for Green Health Care. They have also taken personal steps by making several changes to the CNA House, such as replacing light bulbs and old technology with more efficient energy alternatives. The rapid worldwide transmission of cultural images and lifestyle norms has undoubtedly contributed to the growing issue of light pollution. With the popularity of the Western world utilizing brightly lit advertisements to promote media images, the rest of the economically developed world has followed suit (Berg, 2009). This can be witnessed in Toronto’s Dundas Square, which is progressively becoming quite similar to New York’s Times Square, and works toward further perpetuating the 24/7 economy, where profits are the driving force behind the flashy advertisements. Although the advertisements are aesthetically pleasing, they portray the American ideal of consumerism and materialism, which limit the vision of the Ottawa Charter. As the corporations strive to entice the consumers, through wasteful resource practices, and increase their own profit margins, they are obliterating our environment via destabilizing the eco-system and destroying our resources (Ottawa Charter, 1986). The disruption of the star-studded dark skies by light pollution has contributed to the oppression of the world views of cultures living with a holistic relational earth-based planetary perspective. As the Western world increases light consumption at night, the visibility of stars decreases, hence oppressing cultures living with a planetary perspective that depend on stars at night for navigation (Native Women’s Association of Canada, 2007). Darkness at night is an important part of the environment and culture of people living with an earth-based perspective. Chief Seattle (1855) writes that the dark woods are holy to the experience of his people, and disrupting these natural dark conditions at night are factors that oppress his people. Darkness at night provides a pristine environmental setting that is preferred by many wildlife species and plants. In the process of polluting the environment with light, the Western world causes various detrimental effects on plants and animals, who suffer without natural darkness (Native Women’s Association of Canada, 2007). Harming these non-human citizens of the earth goes against the principles of Chief Seattle (1855), who notes that every part of the Earth is sacred for his people, where plants are their sisters and animals are their brothers. As the Western world continues to pollute the environment with light, it also opposes the traditional teachings of Chief Seattle (1855) to preserve the land for future generations. Light pollution not only causes disruptions to female reproductive cycles, but it also has the capacity to result in large-scale ecological changes (Longcore amp; Rich, 2004). The indigenous people embrace a sacred relationship with the natural world, having a deep respect, responsibility and obligation to nature and all forms of life (Peat, 1997). As the Western world continues to carelessly abuse light consumption without considering its consequences, this oppresses the indigenous cultures who believe in living in harmony and balance with the natural world (Peat, 1997). According to Ayres (2000), the impacts of human technology account for the phenomenon of the extinction of species, commonly referred to as the extinction spike. The extinction spike operates in the background of light pollution, as light pollution and artificial light have been linked to disruptions in reproduction, and decline and extinction of many species such as salamanders and frogs (amphibians), sea turtles (reptiles), birds, fireflies, and plants (Chepesiuk, 2009). This loss in biodiversity is the most dangerous threat to human security and to the sustainability of civilization because once these organisms are lost, they cannot be regained. The significance of the extinction of these species lies in that evolution depends on the availability of diverse species in order to form healthy ecosystems. Evolution also depends on a rich gene pool within species to help them adapt to various conditions. In turn, diminishing the biodiversity of species will not only destabilize our ecosystems, but could also limit our capacities to stay healthy and adapt (Ayres, 2000). It is important to note that reptiles carry important keys to our long-term survival on Earth, as they have been on the planet one thousand times longer than Homo sapiens (Ayres, 2000). As light pollution continues to decrease the biodiversity of plant and animal species who hold the key to cures and our survival, adverse consequences to human and planetary health will persist. In addition to the extinction spike, light pollution contributes to the carbon dioxide spike as well, as electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas). Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, leading to global warming and extreme weather events (Ayres, 2000). Moreover, as electricity and light are generated by the burning of fossil fuels, the utilization of fossil fuels leads to the consumption spike. The consumption spike refers to the depletion of Earth’s resources faster than the natural processes are able to regenerate them (Ayres, 2000). As can be seen, light pollution contributes to the extinction spike, the carbon dioxide spike, and in turn the consumption spike. The egocentric environmental paradigm holds currency with regard to light pollution. According to Kleffel (1996), the egocentric paradigm is grounded in the notion that the individual good is the highest good that will ultimately benefit society. Egocentrism is the guiding ethic of entrepreneurs and corporations, who use natural resources (fossil fuel) and light in order to maximize their economic gains. For instance, this is prevalent in advertising, where companies contribute to light pollution by using excessive illumination to promote their products and maximize profits (Narisada amp; Schreuder, 2004). Egocentrism is also portrayed by home owners, who illuminate their houses for purposes of aesthetics and appeal, thus focusing on what is good for themselves. There is a need to move away from the egocentric toward the ecocentric paradigm, as light pollution threatens the existence of both the living and non-living. Ecocentrism holds that the entire environment has intrinsic value. As everything in life is connected, unity exists between humans and the environment. Thus, we need to take care of the world by decreasing light pollution. In order to operationalize the shift in paradigms, we need to address light pollution by changing the day-to-day living habits of society in conserving our resources. Furthermore, we need to raise awareness of light pollution by talking to others and joining organizations that address light pollution issues (Muskoka Heritage Foundation, 2004a). We need to start locally in order to have a global effect. As such, everyone can do the minimal things that together can have an impact. It is interesting to note that the aspects limiting nurses’ actions on behalf of global health are that nurses generally do not understand the nterrelations between social, political, and economic structures and the origins of health and illness (Kleffel, 1996). Furthermore, nursing theories do not adequately describe the concept of the environment. According to Kleffel (1996), the environment is defined in relation to individuals, rather than having its own essence and intrinsic value. As egocentrism has dominated the Western culture, nurses adopted this approach into their theories. In turn, nursing care theories do not allow for much nonhuman interchange of care due to their anthropocentricity. According to Kleffel (1996), as the ecocentric view is only starting to inform the profession and has not yet achieved significant standing in nursing scholarship or practice, it will take time until nurses uphold the ecocentric principles toward actions on behalf of global health with regard to light pollution. Light pollution is just one of the many global issues affecting our ecology, human health, and economy today. Although it affects all inhabitants of our planet, this issue is particularly important to nurses, as it is directly related them. Research demonstrates that nurses working night shifts, who are constantly exposed to artificial lighting, have an increased risk of breast cancer (Cotter et al. , 2007; Davis, Mirick, amp; Stevens, 2001), as well as colorectal cancer (Navara amp; Nelson, 2007). The WHO (2007) has notes that shift work is extremely detrimental to our health, classifying it as a â€Å"probable carcinogen† (Cotter et al, 2007). These findings and many more, contribute to the ever growing research which suggests that hazardous conditions are prevalent throughout nursing. In the CNA Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses (2008) one of the responsibility statements indicates that â€Å"nurses [must] maintain their fitness to practice†, implying that it is the nurses’ obligation to maintain their own physical health. Thus, nurses must take action in addressing this issue. Furthermore, as it is a nursing responsibility to provide safe care and minimize harm, hospitalized patients are currently not receiving the competent care they deserve. As they too are being exposed to the ever-lightning hospital environments that negatively affect patient health, this provides an even bigger incentive for nurses to get involved. In addition to being holistically involved in maintaining our planetary health, we also have a moral commitment to care and advocate for all the non-human beings affected by light pollution. Fortunately, nurses possess a real capability to address this issue across all levels: individual, institutional, systemic, and societal. At a local level, we may advocate for efficient, less wasteful light sources in our homes and workplaces. We also can negotiate with decision makers at our institutions, regarding the maximal dimming of lights at night and turning them off whenever possible. Furthermore, at a systemic level, we can support and participate in the research addressing this issue, and further disseminate our knowledge among colleagues, patients, friends and neighbours via newsletters, posters, conferences, and lectures. At a societal level, nurses can lobby local governments with respect to developing sites which will reduce light pollution (Muskoka Heritage Foundation, 2004b). These numerous responsibilities should not overwhelm us, as we have effective tools to influence this problem. According to Keith (2008), full cut-off lighting fixtures allow for significant reductions in light pollution and the usage of lower wattage lamps, aid in decreasing the overall energy consumption and contribute to decreases in carbon dioxide emissions. As nurses, we have to remember the tenets of Florence Nightingale, who recognized the significance of physical conditions affecting human health and called on nurses to be actively involved in creating an environment which facilitates recovery (Beck, 2004). Nightingale implied that creating and sustaining healthy environment starts from the individual household and expands to the â€Å"development of health policies that would apply to larger populations† (Beck, 2004, p. 143), which determines our strategy for action. Falk-Rafael (2006) develops the ideas of Nightingale in applying them to our current situation of increasing global economic, political and cultural connections. She underlines the effects of the environment on human health, stating that 25% of disease and injury in the world is attributable to environmental decline. By indicating that â€Å"consumerism has become the dominant world faith† (Falk-Rafael, 2006, p. 11), she points out the main cause of light pollution, which is the glow of business/office building windows, and advertising signs (Berg, 2009). The proposal to shift the focus from profits to people (Falk-Rafael, 2006) is closely related to the objectives of our political actions to reduce light pollution. In addition, in recognizing that all planetary beings are ecological citizens (Falk-Rafael, 2006), she supports the idea that our ethical obligation as nurses is to protect the ealth and advocate for justice towards all non-human creatures. In researching this issue, we began to experience a great deal of responsibility, in terms of being advocates for ourselves, other humans, as well as the non-human citizens of our planet. It is become apparent to us that even simple things, such as turned on decorative lights, may have detrimental effects which can impact our entire ecosyste m. We all contribute to this issue; however, improving it is also in our hands. For this reason, we shared our ideas and emotions with one another, which were shaped and enriched by the new insights discussed in this course, and developed some statements (see Appendix) which express our thoughts pertaining to this topic. As statistics show that nighttime lighting has quadrupled in intensity, every decade since the 1960s (Dickinson, 2003), and about two thirds of the current world population live in areas where the night sky is above the threshold for polluted status (Cinzano, Falchi, amp; Elvidge, 2001), we have decided that we must all act immediately in our own ways. Ela expressed that in learning about the detrimental effects of this issue previously mentioned, she intends to take various actions in order to minimize lighting usage, including turning off the lights whenever possible and installing dark sky friendly lighting in her home. She also wishes to raise awareness of this issue by discussing it with others. Karina also shared that in learning about light pollution she began to realize the extent to which our world abuses the consumption of scarce resources, and inflicts harm on the planet. She was amazed that more is not being done to shed light on this issue, as it directly impacts the health of the human and non-human citizens on this Earth. She expressed that her intentions for action will be to share this acquired knowledge with other individuals, and commit to influencing policies and regulations at her prospective workplaces. Natalia stated that learning about this topic made her realize that much of what we do directly impacts our Earth. She expressed that she does not want to wait until the last star disappears from the night sky, and intends to act by participating in the next symposium held by the Muskoka Heritage Foundation, as no nurses were represented in the previous one. Elena revealed that she was afflicted by the continued usage of our precious resources. She was concerned that our world is knowingly using up energy and harming all sentient life, although it is unneeded. She expressed that she intends to act by making personal changes in her own use of lighting, as well as sharing this information with others, so that they can also make changes. We collaboratively agreed that we do not want to wait until the last star disappears from the night horizon. We believe that if all people join together and turn off the unneeded light, it will make a difference. We feel that we need to act now. We are nurses. We, all people, are nurses of this world. We are nursing this world. As nurses educated to care for others, we are responsible for educating ourselves and other people on how to nurture our world in our big global village, on a small and defenceless planet. References Ayres, E. (2000). The four spikes. Futures, 32, 539-554. Beck, D. -M. (2004). The lens of health determinants: Nightingale’s dual focus on negative and positive. In Dossey, B. M. , Beck, D. -M. , Selanders, L. C. , Attewell, A. Florence Nightingale Today: Healing, Leadership, Global Action. Silver Spring, MD: American Nurses Association. Berg, R. (2009). Getting serious about light pollution. Journal of Environmental Health,  71(9),  46-48. Canadian Nurses Association (2005). Greening the Canadian Nurses Association. Retrieved March 5, 2010, from http://www. cna-aiic. ca/CNA/documents/pdf/ publications /Greening_CNA_e. df Canadian Nurses Association (2008). Code of Ethics for Registered Nurses. Retrieved March 24, 2010, from the CNA web site: http://www. cna-aiic. ca/cna/documents/pdf/publications/ Code_ of Ethics_2008e. pdf Chepesiuk, R. (2009). Missing the dark: Health effects of light pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(1), 20-27. Chief of Seattle (1855). A letter from Chief Seattle. Retrieved from NURS 4100 Cou rse Kit. Cinzano, P. , Falchi1, P. F. , amp; Elvidge, C. D. (2001). The first World Atlas of the artificial night sky brightness. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 328, 689–707. Cotter, T. , Perez, D. , Dessaix, A. , Baker, D. , Murphy, M. , Crawford, J. , Denney, J. , amp; Bishop, J. F. (2007). Cancer and lifestyle factors. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from the Cancer Institute web site: http://www. cancerinstitute. org. au/cancer_inst/publications/pdfs/pm-2007-01_cancer-and-lifestyle-report-2007. pdf Davis, S. , Mirick, D. K. , amp; Stevens, R. G. (2001). Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 93(20), 1557-1562. Dickinson, T. 2003). Naturalists of the night. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from the Muskoka Heritage Foundation web site: www. muskokaheritage. org Falk-Rafael, A. (2006). Globalization and global health: Towards nursing praxis in the global community. Advances in Nursing Science, 29(1), 2-14. International Council of Nurses (2008). Nurses, Climate Change and Health. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from http://www. ic n. ch/PS_E08_Nurses%20Climate%20Change. pdf Jakarta Declaration on Leading Health Promotion into the 21st Century (1997). Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://www. ho. int/hpr/NPH/docs/jakarta_declaration_en. pdf Keith, D. (2008). Roadway lighting design for the optimization of UPD, STV and uplight. Journal of the IES , 29(2), 39-54. Kleffel, D. (1996). Environmental paradigms: Moving toward an ecocentric perspective. Advances in Nursing Science, 18(4), 1-10. Leuning, C. J. (2001) Advancing a global perspective: The world as a classroom. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14(4), 298-303. Longcore, T. , amp; Rich, C. (2004). Ecological light pollution. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2(4), 191–198. Muskoka Heritage Foundation. 2004a). Natural Heritage Program. Retrieved March 2, 2010 from the Muskoka Heritage Foundation web site: www. muskokaheritage. org Muskoka Heritage Foundation (2004b). Ecology of the night. Recommendations. Retrieved February 20, 2010, from the Mus koka Heritage Foundation web site: www. muskokaheritage. org Narisada, K. , amp; Schreuder, D. (2004). Light pollution handbook. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. Native Women’s Association of Canada (2007). Aboriginal women and the environment: Air, noise and light pollution. Retrieved March 2, 2010, from http://www. wac-hq. org/en/documents/nwac. air-noise-lightpollution. jun2007. pdf Navara, K. J. , amp; Nelson, R. J. (2007). The dark side of light at night: physiological, epidemiological, and ecological consequences. Journal of Pineal Research, 43(3), 215-224. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986). Retrieved February 15, 2010, from http://www. who. int/hpr/NPH/docs/ ottawa_charter_hp. pdf Peat, D. F. (1997). Blackfoot physics and European minds. Futures, 29(6), 563-573. Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (2010). Creating vibrant communities: RNAO’s challenge to Ontario’s

Technology Convergence is All around Us Essays

Technology Convergence is All around Us Essays Technology Convergence is All around Us Essay Technology Convergence is All around Us Essay It snatched up Paramount Communications for $9. 5 billion. That brought Paramount Pictures, Television and theme parks into the fold. Later that same year, Victim purchased Blockbuster Entertainment for $7. Billion. With more than 4,000 video stores across the country, Blockbuster holds nearly 25 percent of the market share. And in April 2000, the Federal Communications Commission approved Fiascos newest acquisition, CBS Corp.. The deal brought to Victim the network giants 38 television stations and 162 radio stations. Victim itself is owned by National Amusements, Inc. A family-held corporation that runs 1,390 movie theatres in the United States, the United Kingdom and Latin America. Questions to Ponder 1 . Video sales and rentals account for a huge share of the American movie-viewing publics consumption. Should other motion picture producers be concerned that Paramount Pictures is owned by the same company that owns Blockbuster video outlets? What would those concerns be? Should co nsumers be similarly concerned? 2. Scholars and media experts have long argued about the cultural influence of entertainment fare. At issue are our society cultural norms and whether media depictions of ethnic/racial groups, gender relationships, economic issues and social class status relationships are influenced. How influential to culture do you think Victim Inc. Has been, or has the potential to be? Is this influence beneficial or detrimental to societal culture? CASE STUDY 2: The Tribune Company The Tribune Company, in Chicago, was known a generation ago for its flagship, nationally renowned newspaper, The Chicago Tribune. In 1993 the company Joined with local cable company Chicago Land Television. The cable news outlet operated from a facility in the Tribunes newsroom. This was the first serious merger of what had been separate media, newspapers and television. The company also eventually created the first converged Washington bureau. Today, the company owns 26 major arrest television stations, including national superstition WAG-TV, radio station WAG in Chicago; interests in the Warner Brothers TV network, and daily and weekly newspapers in English and Spanish. The company also publishes educational materials and owns the Chicago Cubs baseball team. It has interests in nearly 20 online information providers, including the largest Internet access company in the world, America Online, which it bought into in 1991. Tribune is a Fortune 500 company, with 2002 revenues of $5. 4 billion. In March 2000, Tribune Company announced its merger with The Times Mirror Company, publisher of The Los Angels Times and other newspapers and magazines. Questions to Ponder 1 . Ordinarily, different news media have separate groups of reporters newspaper, radio and television. In such a circumstance, the different reporters may find different points to emphasize or dig out different sets of information. What are possible implications of having the same set of Journalists producing a news story for the different media? Will the story essentially remain the same, or will reporters still find different aspects of the story to emphasize, depending on the medium they write for? 2. Print Journalists say their form of Journalism offers depth and context that broadcasters cant afford because of time constraints. Broadcast Journalists say their brand of Journalism offers immediacy, sound and pictures that print cant match. But while each boasts different strengths, does competition still exist between print and broadcast media? Is one form better than another? Top of Form Bottom of Form Case study 3: The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company, was formerly known as Walt Disney Productions. Within the last two decades, the epitome of family movie-making success has become a lit-media giant under the direction of CEO Michael Eisner (1942- ). Early on, the company, founded by brothers Walter and Roy Disney, showed a knack for marketing diversity in entertainment. After building the most successful animation and family film studio in the world, the family-owned company started its own theme park, Disneyland, in Anaheim, Cilia. Disneys theme parks now entertain families on both coasts and in Europe and Japan. Michael Eisner brought rapid expansion when he took over in 1984. Eisner had already established himself as an entertainment genius at American Broadcasting Co. ND Paramount Pictures. He revamped Disneys structure and added to its film repertoire by creating Touchstone Pictures, which produced movies with more mature themes. Disney was already big five film studios, two record companies, three printing companies, four magazines, the theme parks, and the Mighty Ducks National Hockey League franchise. Then, in July 1995, in one of the largest corporate acquisitions in history, Disney bought another media- merged giant, Capital Cities/BBC Inc. , for $19 billion. Capital Cities Communications had already bought BBC for $3. 5 billion in March, 1985. The acquisition added to Disneys empire the BBC Television Network (with 225 affiliated stations); ten broadcast television stations (reaching 25 percent of the U. S. Market); four cable TV networks (ESP., ASPEN, Lifetime Television, and A; Television); 21 radio stations; two more publishing companies; seven daily newspapers; and six international media companies in Luxembourg, Paris, London, Tokyo and Munich. Since then, the company has continued to grow. In 2002, the company had revenues of more than $25 billion. The news, information, and entertainment products of these companies often appear as separate entities to the audience in general: we go to a movie theater or attend a hockey game; we turn on the television or flip through a magazine. But the scope of Disneys empire can be seen in subtle, yet all- encompassing fashion on the Internet. Just go to the Web site of the Walt Disney Internet Group, www. Go. Com its all there. Questions to ponder: 1 . Many consumers may not realize that the same company that built a reputation on such family fare as Mackey Mouse and Snow White has also has interest in psychological thrillers like The Sixth Sense and raunchy comedy like Deuce Abigail: Male Gigolo. Many corporations have similar diverse products, such as Altair, which not only owns the Philip Morris tobacco company, but also owns Kraft Foods, Inc. And is part owner of the Miller Brewing Co. Should such diversity influence consumers opinions about a company? 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Conjugating the German Verb Sehen, Meaning to See

Conjugating the German Verb Sehen, Meaning to See The German verb sehen means to see. It is one of the most-common words you may see in German text, ranking around 270 in one automated study. Sehen is an irregular or strong verb. This means it doesnt follow a strict rule for conjugation. In order to conjugate it correctly, you will need to study its different tenses and resort to memorizing them. Stem-Changing Verbs The verb sehen is both a stem-changing verb and an irregular (strong) verb. Notice the change from e to ie in the du and er/sie/es present tense forms. The past participle is gesehen. All of these irregularities can trip you up in reading and writing uses of sehen. Sehen - Present Tense -  Prsens Deutsch English Singular Present Tense ich sehe I see/am seeing du siehst you see/are seeing er siehtsie siehtes sieht he sees/is seeingshe sees/is seeingit sees/is seeing Plural Present Tense wir sehen we see/are seeing ihr seht you (guys) see/are seeing sie sehen they see/are seeing Sie sehen you see/are seeing Examples Using Present Tense for Sehen Wann sehen wir euch?When will we be seeing you (guys)? Er sieht uns.He sees us. Sehen - Simple Past Tense -   Imperfekt Deutsch English Singular Simple Past Tense ich sah I saw du sahst you saw er sahsie sahes sah he sawshe sawit saw Plural Simple Past Tense wir sahen we saw ihr saht you (guys) saw sie sahen they saw Sie sahen you saw Sehen -  Compound Past Tense (Present Perfect) -  Perfekt Deutsch English Singular Compound Past Tense ich habe gesehen I saw/have seen du hast gesehen you saw/have seen er hat gesehensie hat gesehenes hat gesehen he saw/has seenshe saw/has seenit saw/has seen Plural Compound Past Tense wir haben gesehen we saw/have seen ihr habt gesehen you (guys) sawhave seen sie haben gesehen they saw/have seen Sie haben gesehen you saw/have seen Sehen - Past Perfect Tense -   Plusquamperfekt Deutsch English Singular Past Perfect Tense ich hatte gesehen I had seen du hattest gesehen you had seen er hatte gesehensie hatte gesehenes hatte gesehen he had seenshe had seenit had seen Plural Past Perfect Tense wir hatten gesehen we had seen ihr hattet gesehen you (guys) had seen sie hatten gesehen they had seen Sie hatten gesehen you had seen Future Tenses for Sehen German often substitutes the present tense for the future. The example with  sehen  is Wir  sehen  uns morgen, translating as Well see you tomorrow. The basic future tense would conjugate werden (will) and add sehen. Examples; ich werde  sehen  - I will see, du wirst sehen  - you will see, wir  werden spielen  - we will play. The future perfect tense is somewhat rare in German. It uses a conjugated form of werden and then places haben or sein at the end of the sentence. For example, ich werde gesehen  haben  - I will have seen. Commands Using Sehen sehe!  see!sehen Sie!  see! Other Uses of Sehen Sie sieht nicht gut.  She doesnt see well.Wo hast du ihn gesehen?  Where did you see him?

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Discussion for online Economics class - Essay Example In this case, the value of currency in circulation surpassed the market value of American products. In addition, inflation may have occurred due to economic stimulus programs initiated by the government. The stimulus program compels people to spend, hence creating short-term inflation. The CIP index could also have increased due to external forces or forces in the international market. Increase in prices of capital goods such as oil and automobiles could have resulted from competition in the international market. China is overtaking the US as the largest global importer of crude oil and iron ore. Aggressive measures taken by china are causing an increase in prices of consumer goods around the world. These strategies make imports expensive for the US and other developed countries. As the country continues to pay more for its import’s, the price of the dollar has fallen sharply causing an increase in prices of consumer

To be discussed with writter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

To be discussed with writter - Essay Example In the proposed research study, the extent to which celebrity endorsement influences the consumers will be determined. The report will not only discuss the impact of celebrity endorsement on consumers but it will also compare the consumer purchasing behaviour as a result of celebrity endorsement in the past, present and future. The primary research objectives will be to evaluate the influence of celebrity endorsement on perceptions and attitude of consumers towards the brand, celebrity and advertising. To investigate the research question, both the qualitative and quantitative research methodology will be used. In the qualitative research methodology, the theoretical concepts and published research work will be used. Primary data will be collected through a survey which will be conducted in location and a total of 250 participants belonging to different professions will be asked to fill the designed questionnaires. The questionnaire will be designed to collect data on demographics an d selected variables. The identified dependent variables are perception of consumers about the brand, perception of consumers about the brand, attitude of consumer towards endorser, attitude of consumer towards brand, attitude of consumer towards advertisement, Popularity of advertisement, effectiveness and sales and the independent variable are Trustworthiness, characteristics of endorser, attractiveness, likeability and awareness. The collected data will be analysed through SPSS software tools such as cross tabulation, frequency analysis, correlation and internal consistency analysis. The potential problems that can emerge while conducting this research study include the unwillingness of consumers to cooperate, socially acceptable answers, self interest of public and geographical limitation. It is expected that findings of this research study will provide insights to the consumer buying behaviour and the impact of celebrity

Millers success Essay Example for Free

Millers success Essay Written by Arthur Miller in the early 1950s, The Crucible notes the story of the quiet town of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. As the play progresses, a major witch hunt takes place after a group of young girls claim to have danced with the Devil. Although the play is fictional, Miller based it on real people and events documented in records made after the actual witch hunts took place, at around the time the play was set it. I have chosen to analyse the conversation in Act 1, between Abigail and John where she attempts to entice him back to her, however John is adamant he will not be drawn in by her charms and appears to not be tempted. I shall also analyse the section of Act 4 where John Proctor confesses to partaking in witchcraft, but then changes his mind after realising he values his morals more than his life. The first episode begins with Betty in bead and, after supposedly dancing with the Devil; she is in an apparent trance-like sleep. At the same time, John and Abigail are talking about their affair, something that took place before the play began. In this extract, Miller uses a variety of techniques to create tension on stage and in the audience. One such technique is the way in which variations are created in language; this creates a mix of emotions from the audience. Take, for example, Abigails line of Give me a word John, a soft word where she appears to be attempting to seduce John. In this part of the play we see how Abigail can manipulate how she speaks to, in a way, toy with Johns emotions, however it is likely that at this point in the play the audience will be aware of how young Abigail actually is, and will therefore realise she is embarrassing herself. Although this isnt creating high levels of immense tension, the embarrassment the audience is provoked to feel due to Abigails actions is likely to leave them feeling highly uncomfortable in the situation causing a tense atmosphere to be created. In contrast to Abigails approach, John talks more as a father, giving a very patronising response, which begins with him calling her child, thus furthering the embarrassment felt. Another technique used in this section of the play is the contrast between how Abigail appears towards John and how she appears towards her Uncle Parris slightly earlier on in the play. To Parris, Abigail seems to be the angelic niece who made the simple mistake of dancing in the woods. However, when she talks to John she says things such as I am waiting for you every night and I know you, John. I know you.. Both of these examples show how Abigail can change from being an innocent little girl to an apparently seductive young woman. After watching this episode, the audience are undoubtedly aware of how Abigail attempts to manipulate people, and shows how the character is likely to progress, using her skills in manipulation to full advantage. The feeling that something is waiting to happen may cause unrest in the audience, which would build up tension levels slightly. The pace of speaking varies a lot in this small section. We see Abigails seductive speech, alongside John showing remorse for the situation that has arisen saying I never give you hope to wait for me. This is calm, and clear John is not interested. He sees being open and honest, stating how he feels in the plainest English imaginable as the best way to prevent this conversation ever developing again. This would keep tension levels low, creating a feeling in the audience that they want Abigail to understand, and see nothing can happen. However, when this is obviously not the case, John begins to lose his composed presence and when Abigail begins crying, the volume of the conversation increases. This, in itself, will cause an increase in tension. Following this emotional outburst, Abigail pleads with John, running to him and crying pity me, pity me!. Such a change in a once strong and grown up character, along with the urgency with which the lines are delivered will create huge tension and, probably more embarrassment felt for Abigail. This is a particularly emotional part of the play, which relies far more upon vocal talents than any physical contact to create the tension we feel when watching it. There is, however, one point in this episode where John grabs Abigail and whilst shaking her shouts Do you look for a whippin?. By this point in the conversation the audience are likely to be in the belief that John Proctor has effectively lost it and needs to find a way to make Abigail understand, whatever that way may be. Following John grabbing Abigail, the audience see violence as one way of this conversation finishing which will obviously raise the tension levels considerably.

A Wish of Rain :: Essays Papers

A Wish of Rain "Close your eyes and imagine," he told us. "Imagine it is late at night. A train pulls up to the place where you are standing. The doors open and the hundreds of people who were standing inside begin to jump down. A young Jewish boy of sixteen and his family are among this tired, hungry, beaten crowd. Eventually, they are separated into two lines; the boy and his father are pushed into one line, his mother and sister into the other. Then they are marched off into the night. "I was never to see my mother and sister again. I was in the line to live." The speaker, a survivor of the Holocaust, told his story and many more one bright, warm summer day at Birkenau, a concentration camp in Poland. His audience of American students listened enthralled and horrified as he told of his struggles to stay alive in the camp during World War II, the struggles of six million Jews caught up in the terror. I remember wishing it would rain. That day at Birkenau held no warmth or brightness. It was a day of realizations and acceptances. In a way, it marked a passage from innocence and naivety to a greater understanding of human nature. For me, there were no more denials. I had always known about the Holocaust, even before I took the literature course that would bring me to Poland, yet deep-down I could never truly accept it. I found it difficult to believe that one man in his hatred of all that was good and decent could condemn a people to death or that a nation could stand blindly by and let it happen. I wanted to believe in human compassion and understanding. Thus, it was easy to pretend that the stories were exaggerated or sensationalized. Now, I feel as though I know too much. I never thought I could get so emotionally involved, but after living closely with it for three weeks, I could not help but become involved. It became increasingly more difficult to deny or to remain detached once the truth began to unfold. I did not like the feelings it evoked in me or the unanswered questions it left me with. My mind balked. Yet, to run my hand over the wooden bunks in the barracks, to walk on the same hard-packed earth, to look out over barbed-wire fences and empty guard towers and just to know that I stood in the spot where they breathed their last, I believed.

How does Shakespeare dramatise the murder of Duncan in Act II Scenes (i) and (ii)? Essay

The murder of King Duncan in the play Macbeth is an important part of the play. It shows the point at which Lady Macbeth and Macbeth begin their downfall, which ultimately ends in their deaths at the end of the play. The first and second scenes in Act Two are important because they are immediately before and just after the murder, so they are where the play is at it’s climax, and most tense. Shakespeare dramatises the murder by not only building up the tension before Macbeth commits the murder, but also keeping the pressure up through the next scene during Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s conversation. This idea is explored in detail throughout this essay. Our very first impression of Macbeth in Act One is that he is a character to be wary of, because the witches are the first people to mention him, and witches are associated with evil, so Macbeth is linked in the audience’s mind with wickedness. However this idea is pushed to one side as we hear glowing reports on the ‘brave’, ‘worthy’ and ‘valiant’ Macbeth, (Act 1, Scene 2, Lines 16, 24) from King Duncan and the Captain of the Army. It seems Banquo and Macbeth are both very honest and good people before we ever meet them personally. Then when we do see the two for the first time, they meet the witches, who tell them the prophecies which the whole play is based around: ‘All hail Macbeth that shalt be King hereafter’. (Act 1, Scene 3, Line 48) We are shown Macbeth’s latent desires come to the forefront of his mind; although he is already successful and has more than most could want, hidden ambition and greed becomes apparent as the witches promise his greatest dreams. He seems to be solely focused on the biggest prize – though the first of the witches’ prophecies comes true immediately, he is more happy that the prophecy of him becoming King now seems a plausible idea, than the present promotion: ‘The greatest is behind’ (Act 1 Scene 3 Line 116). All in all, the character of Macbeth is introduced to the audience as a worthy and noble person (from the reports by the Captain in Scene Two) but one with a less virtuous side, to do with his ambition and never being satisfied with what he has, – which turn out to be his biggest weaknesses and ends up bringing about his downfall. Also in Act One we see the highly influential role Lady Macbeth plays in persuading Macbeth to kill Duncan so they can become King and Queen. As Macbeth is her husband she knows him best and knows he is ‘not without ambition, but without the illness should attend it’ (Act 1, Scene 5, Line 18-19) so she knows exactly how to manipulate him to do things he otherwise would not do. She does this by playing on his weaknesses – by questioning his manliness and asking him to do the deed to prove his love for her. Lady Macbeth appears to be driven by her own ambitions and her ruthlessness and determination are established effectively in the opening Act. She shows her willingness to do evil things when she calls for dark spirits to ‘fill me from the crown to the toe topfull of direst cruelty, make thick my blood, stop up the th’access and passage to remorse’ (Act 1, Scene 5, Line 41-3) She also shows her strength of will when she tells Macbeth what to do: ‘Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t.’ (Act 1, Scene 6, Line 64-5) and when she manages to persuade Macbeth to kill Duncan. At the beginning of Act 1 Scene 7 he is decidedly against the act: ‘We shall proceed no further in this business’ (Line 31) but by the end of the scene she has made him change his mind: ‘If we should fail?’ (Line 59). Shakespeare sets the scene for the murder in Act II Scene I by creating a tense and mysterious atmosphere with Banquo and his son Fleance’s conversation, and then their encounter with Macbeth as he is setting out to kill Duncan. The scene opens with Banquo talking to Fleance and describing the dark setting. He says that ‘the moon is down’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 2) and ‘the candles are all out’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 5), meaning the night is pitch black with no moon or stars – perfect for a concealed murder. Fleance tells us that ’tis later’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 4) than midnight, which was considered in those times to be the scariest hour of the night, the ‘witching hour’ – the audience in the original performance of the play would pick up on this timing as a sign to be wary of what is coming next. Banquo refers to the theme of sleeplessness, saying ‘I would not sleep†¦[for] the cursed thoughts that nature gives way to in repose’. (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 7-9) We see this idea again in Act Two Scene Two after the murder, when Macbeth is very traumatised by what he has done, and he says he ‘hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more: Macbeth shall sleep no more’ (Lines 45-6) Because Banquo used the word ‘cursed’ he reminds us of the witches and plants the idea that their prophecies could in fact be curses, which is foreshadowing what actually happens. Then, Banquo hears a noise and calls immediately for his son to ‘Give me my sword’, before warily calling out ‘Who’s there?’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 9-10) This builds up the tension in the atmosphere very well because it is odd for him to be so alert and tense in his best friend’s castle, where he should feel safe. Banquo has already been established as a calm, good and perceptive character, (from his association with nature) so because he is on edge and tense the audience knows the next scene cannot be good. The tense atmosphere is heightened during Macbeth and Banquo’s conversation, because they talk in relatively short lines to one another. The audience is also shown how tense and nervous Macbeth is, and how he is slowly ‘falling from grace’ because he lies to his best friend, by saying ‘I think not of them [the witches]’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 21) when it’s all he has been thinking about since they met them. In the second part of Act Two Scene One Macbeth hallucinates a floating dagger, covered in ‘gouts of blood’ (Line 46) with ‘the handle toward my [his] hand’ (Line 34) leading him towards Duncan’s room to commit the murder – ‘thou marshall’st me the way that I was going’ (Line 42). In the original play Shakespeare chose not to show the audience the dagger Macbeth is imagining, because this way focus is shifted from the dagger onto Macbeth himself, which means the audience is more dramatically engaged by the character, rather than special effects. Another reason Shakespeare decided not to show the dagger is that it is a figment of Macbeth’s imagination, a ‘false creation, proceeding from the heat oppressed brain’ (Line 39) representing his confusion and indecisiveness being controlled by external and sinister forces, which therefore makes the murder seem more inevitable, because Macbeth is not in control of it. If the dagger were shown the representation would be lost, because it would become a real thing. This shows great psychological understanding from Shakespeare. Even though the audience is shown a real dagger when Macbeth pulls out his own to compare: ‘I see thee yet, in form as palpable as this which I now draw’ (Line 40-1) Shakespeare only did this to reinforce the idea that Macbeth sees it as clearly as a real dagger, but the audience can’t see it. Most other productions of Macbeth follow Shakespeare’s original intentions, with the only exception being Roman Polanski’s feature film version. Polanski decided to show the floating dagger, but this was probably because the film was aimed at a wider, more ‘mainstream’ audience, and he thought subtle details like an imaginary dagger should be made more obvious, even though this loses some of meaning of the idea. Macbeth’s reactions to the dagger show he is in a very unstable and volatile state of mind, and shows his inner turmoil and confusion about what he should do and what he wants to do. The fact that he is hallucinating in the first place shows he must be slightly delirious with the pressure of what he is about to do. At first he was alarmed by the dagger, however, as soon as he realises that the dagger is not real (‘Art thou a dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat oppressed brain?’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 37-9)) he stops being alarmed by it, and as he follows it, he becomes fascinated with it, and more intense, so he describes it in great detail using plosives ‘And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 46) to make it more vivid for the audience. The dagger symbolises the murder, and makes the deed seem more inevitable, because the dagger that leads Macbeth to Duncan’s door is bloody, so it is as if it is a projection of what Macbeth’s real dagger is going to look like after the murder. It also symbolises how Macbeth is being controlled by other forces, how he is being led to do things he doesn’t really want to do because he isn’t controlling the dagger, the dagger is ‘in charge’ of h im. Shakespeare uses the last half of Macbeth’s soliloquy in Act Two Scene One to build atmosphere and tension as he prepares himself for the murder, by using lots of imagery to help create the dark mood. For instance Macbeth says that ‘Nature seems dead’ (Line 50) which is a very dark idea, foreshadowing how after this scene nature will be turned on its head because Macbeth upset he natural order. Macbeth also talks about a recurring theme in the play; the idea of two sides of everything, the good and the bad, or the fake faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade hiding a worse side underneath (‘Now o’er the one half world’ (Line 49)) To darken the mood further, he talks about ‘wicked dreams abus[ing] the curtain’d sleep’ (Lines 50-1) which is what he is about to do: as he is trying to kill Duncan in his sleep, so he is being wicked and abusing the safety one should feel when they are asleep. Macbeth also mentions witchcraft, which shows he is thinking about and maybe being controlled by the witches still, saying ‘Witchcraft celebrates pale Hecate’s off’rings’ (Lines 51-2). It seems Macbeth tries to justify the murder by reducing his involvement. He does this by showing he is merely an instrument doing the deed by personifying murder, so that it is more murder who is to blame for the crime, rather than Macbeth: ‘Wither’d murder, alarum’d by his sentinel†¦with Tarquin’s ravishing strides, towards his design, moves like a ghost’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 52-6). Macbeth uses more and more intricate language, referring to Roman stories of the tyrant Tarquin who raped his friend’s wife to personify murder further, and long sentences as he expresses the strong external forces (e.g. ‘Murder’ and the witch-queen Hecate) that may be manipulating him to kill Duncan. However he starts to come back to himself and realise that he is still the one doing it after all, using shorter sentences as he comes to the end of his soliloquy. He thinks of more practical ideas, asking the Earth to ‘Hear not my steps, for fear thy very stones may prate of my whereabout’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 57-8) but still using imagery that conjures up in our minds the idea that he is at least being helped by the Earth, or some other strong omnipotent being. Macbeth seems more resolute closer to the end of the soliloquy, saying ‘Whiles I threat he live; Words to the heat of deeds to cold breath gives’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Lines 60-61) The fact that these two lines rhyme give it definition and finality, as Shakespeare often uses rhyming couplets to signify the end of an important scene. In these lines Macbeth also shows how unwavering he is, by almost scorning himself for fretting about it too long, by saying ‘whiles I threat he lives’. After this the bell rings, to further signify Macbeth’s resolved and determined state of mind, which is backed up again by his saying immediately after ‘I go , and it is done.’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 62). The short sentence shows his feeling of inevitability. The very last two lines of the soliloquy are also a rhyming couplet, to end the scene neatly. They show Macbeth knows he will go through with the murder, because he says ‘The bell invites me’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 62) and then he says ‘Hear it not Duncan, for it is a knell, that summons thee to heaven or to hell.’ (Act 2, Scene 1, Line 63-4). The building up of tension and inevitability is shown very well in the Trevor Nunn version of Macbeth, where Ian McKellen portrays Macbeth preparing for the murder, making him seem absolutely resolute by rolling up a sleeve. This version also takes advantage of different lighting to increase tension; Macbeth is in darkness for most of the scene, stepping forward to the audience to engage them, and as he says ‘like a ghost’ he steps into an eerie bright light, which can be quite scary and unexpected, because it is as if he appeared out of nowhere. Shakespeare decided not to script or perform the actual murder of Duncan, because that way the audience is left to imagine the murder scene on their own and therefore make it as horrible as they could imagine. Shakespeare also misses out the murder to put more emphasis on Lady Macbeth at the beginning of the next scene and to remind the audience how closely she is involved in the murder. There is no gap in the drama because Scene Two follows on from the last in quick succession and the fact that we see Lady Macbeth, sustains the anxiety and tension because she is already associated in our minds with evil and bad deeds. This is because she spoke to the evil spirits in Act One Scene Five, as well as being instrumental in manipulating Macbeth and persuading him to kill Duncan in the first place. Before Macbeth returns, Lady Macbeth feels triumphant, powerful, and in control. She has done what she wanted, and got the better of men by manipulating them and making them do things for her benefit. She shows this by saying ‘that which hath made them drunk, hath made me bold; that which hath quenched them, hath given me fire’. (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 1-2) This also alerts the audience again to her association with evil, and the witches (from when she called upon evil spirits to ‘†¦fill me from the crown to the toe topfull of direst cruelty’ (Act 1, Scene 5, Line 41,42) because she is talking about opposites, and this is what the witches talked about when they were first introduced at the beginning of the play: ‘Fair is foul and foul is fair’ (Act 1, Scene 1, Line 12) She uses eloquent language filled with imagery personifying death and nature around the drugged guards: ‘Death and Nature do contend about them, whether they live, or die’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 7-8) This fits in well with what her husband was saying just moments ago about murder as a real being, rather than an action or abstract noun, and shows well how Shakespeare ensures there is no break in tension between scenes, because they flow on so well from each other. She seems very fired up and quite jumpy because of her excitement, so when she hears an owl screech in the night, she exclaims ‘Hark!’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 2) then ‘Peace,’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 2) to calm herself, but the fact that she is talking to herself is one of the early signs of her going mad. However she is still ‘on a high’ from her excitement of the murder of Duncan being carried out, that she confidently speaks about the owl straight after her fright: ‘It was the owl that shreik’d, the fatal bellman which gives the stern’st good-night.’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 3-4) Here she is comparing the owl’s shriek to the night watchman who rings his bell outside the cells of prisoners condemned to death, in this case it is Duncan who is about to be killed. This comment about the owl is linked to her earlier speech before Duncan arrived at Macbeth’s castle, when she spoke of the raven, another bird linked with death: ‘The raven himself is hoarse, that croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan’ (Act 1, Scene 5, Line 37-8). As Macbeth arrives she gets very anxious, saying she is ‘afraid they have awak’d, and ’tis not done; the’attempt and not the deed confounds us.’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Lines 9-11) In the Trevor Nunn stage version of Macbeth, Judi Dench, who plays Lady Macbeth, shows her excitement to an almost psychopathic degree, by talking very quickly and in a very high-pitched voice, which conveys the idea of drunkenness on power very well. During Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s initial exchange, they convey their own nervousness and create even more of a tense atmosphere by talking in short questions and answer to each other. Line 16 in this scene is shared between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth and cuts back and forth between them twice: Lady Macbeth: ‘Did not you speak?’ Macbeth: When? Lady Macbeth: Now. Macbeth: As I descended?’ This creates the tense atmosphere because the actors have no choice but to throw these short sharp words back and forth very quickly. The next line is unusual as there is only one syllable in it, said by Lady Macbeth in answer to Macbeth’s question ‘As I descended?’. She says ‘Ay.’ (Line 20) and the rest of the line is finished by either silence, or a noise coming from the night. This is the only time Shakespeare has scripted in a gap or a pause, and he did this because the lack of speech after such a quick exchange would make the silence almost ‘deafening’ to the audience, as they anticipate what is going to happen next. After the brief pause, Macbeth starts the conversation again, when he says ‘Hark!’ (Line 21) which shows his awareness of either the silence or the noise from the night, and his jumpy nature because he exclaims after it. The next section of their exchange shows a sharp contrast between the two, as Macbeth starts to get almost hysterical, as he can’t process the horror of what he has just done, while Lady Macbeth gets frustrated with him as she struggles to keep control of the situation. Macbeth starts by looking at his bloody hands holding the daggers and saying ‘This is a sorry sight.’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 24) but straight away Lady Macbeth retorts ‘A foolish thought, to say a sorry sight’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 25) which is almost scornful of him, as one might scold a child. However her efforts are soon to turn out futile, as Macbeth get so wrapped up in his own emotion that he barely seems to register she is there. This is shown well in the Nicol Williamson staging of Macbeth, where Lady Macbeth is trying to push Macbeth off the stage, but because Nicol is a very tall person it is obvious that Lady Macbeth has no chance of moving him. Macbeth himself begins to get hysterical as Lady Macbeth loses control of him. He starts to think of himself as a hangman (‘with these hangman’s hands’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 30)) and thinks he maybe a damned man, when he thinks he cannot say ‘Amen’ after someone calls out ‘God bless us!’: ‘One cried ‘God bless us!’†¦I could not say ‘Amen† (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 29, 31) The original audience would pick up on the fact he could not say Amen, which would increase the tension and fear because it shows him to be possessed by evil spirits. Macbeth refers to ‘the innocent sleep’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 39) which is a recurring theme throughout the play, he refers to himself in the third person saying ‘Macbeth does murder sleep’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 39) and then talks about his different roles ‘Glamis hath murder’d sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more, Macbeth shall sleep no more’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 45-6) This repetition of his different roles shows him slowly falling to pieces because of what he does, and also shows how much he is trying to find a way to make it not his fault and to dislocate himself from what he has just done, which brings him to be almost schizophrenic. However he also knows that his evil deed can leak into the reputation his other roles or identities and will ultimately destroy him. His talk about damnation and sleep is an example of foreshadowing, because after this time, neither Macbeth or Lady Macbeth will sleep properly again, and shall therefore be deprived of the ‘balm of hurt minds, great nature’s second course, chief nourisher in life’s feast’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 42-3). In the Trevor Nunn production of Macbeth, Macbeth is shown starting to be almost atavistic, by talking in a child-like manner, which brings out his vulnerability and guilt for killing Duncan. Tension is increased in the next part of the scene when Lady Macbeth shows her frustration with Macbeth because he is not listening to her. He is fraught with fear over what he has just done, and however much she tries to keep control over the situation he ignores her completely. She tries to take his mind off his rambling by trying one of her persuasion techniques, saying ‘Worthy thane, you do unbend your noble strength to think so brain-sickly of these things’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 47-9). Here she compliments him (‘worthy thane’) before telling him that he is losing his ‘noble strength’ by thinking about these ‘brain sickly’ things too much. She encourages to ‘Go get some water and wash this filthy witness from your hand’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 49-50) even though later on in the play we will find out that she realises that ‘a little water’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 70) does not clear them ‘of this deedâ €™. (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 70) However she changes her mind when she sees that Macbeth is still clutching the daggers he used to kill Duncan, and is therefore ruining the plan. She gets very angry and accuses him of being ‘Infirm of purpose!’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 55) and tells him the daggers ‘must lie there’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 52) But Macbeth refuses because he does not want to go back (‘I’ll go no more’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 53)) which means she must ‘get her hands dirty’ by going back and smearing blood over Duncan’s guards so it looks like they did the murder. Because of this, she is very annoyed with Macbeth as because of his incompetence she had to be involved, but she retains her strength telling him ‘my hands are of your colour, but I shame to wear a heart so white’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 67-8). As the scene comes to it’s dramatic climax, the contrasting attitudes and state of mind of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are shown and exaggerated further. Macbeth is very emotional and stressed, he seems to look at his hands as if they are someone else’s, saying ‘What hands are here? Ha: they pluck out mine eyes.’ (Act 2 Scene 2 Line 62) This shows how detached he is feeling from his own body, perhaps a instinctive result of the stress he has just gone through, his brain is trying to distance Macbeth from it. Macbeth uses very rich visual images to describe how he disagrees with Lady Macbeth’s notion that ‘A little water clears us of this deed’ (Act 2 Scene 2 Line 70) asking if ‘All Neptune’s oceans wash this blood clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red’. (Act 2 Scene 2 Lines 63-6) This conjures up a very vivid image in the audience’s mind’s of vast oceans turning red with blood from his hand, with words such as ‘multitudinous’ and ‘incarnadine’ adding to the image of excess, as they are almost onomatopoeic of the idea of vastness because the words themselves have many syllables. Then, this idea of enormous and excessive things is followed by a close-up image as Macbeth says ‘making the green one red’ (Act 2 Scene 2 Line 62) which focuses the image down into maybe a drop of blood making a small pool of green water red, because the words are monosyllabic and Macbeth uses the word ‘one’. The way Shakespeare has used short, simple words after the long, elaborate words increases the contrast from the big and the small. In contrast to Macbeth’s figurative contemplation, Lady Macbeth is not so deep in thought; her mind is still on the task in hand (quite literally) and if she is feeling any remorse or panic for what they have just done, she does not show any emotion at all in fact, apart from frustration for Macbeth because he is not being brave or strong like a man should be: ‘My hands are of your colour, but I shame to wear a heart so white’ (Act 2 Scene 2 Line 67-68). The knocking that comes towards the end of the scene succeeds in further racking up the tension. It instils a sense of urgency in the situation, that while Macbeth stands around, waiting for ‘occasion [to] call us and show us to be watchers’ (Act 2 Scene 2 Line 73-4), for the longer they wait there with the ‘filthy witness’ (Act 2 Scene 2 Line 50) on their hands, the more likely it is they are going to get caught red-handed. It is a harsh loud and repetitive noise that should bring Macbeth out of his inward turning thoughts, but as it does not it further shows how hard he is taking the stress. It brings out a bit of anxiousness in Lady Macbeth though, as she gets more and more tense as the knocking continues: ‘Hark! More knocking’ (Act 2 Scene 2 Line 72) Macbeth’s final words in this scene show his true emotion that he is feeling after the murder. He says ‘To know my deed, ’twere best not know myself’ (Act 2 Scene 2 Line 76) which seems as if he is asking for a kind of self-inflicted schizophrenia, so he doesn’t have to deal with the sorrow and regret he is feeling. But his very last line, ‘Wake Duncan with thy knocking; I would thou couldst.’ (Act 2, Scene 2, Line 77) shows his deep sadness, regret and sorrow for what he has done. In conclusion, the murder of King Duncan is dramatised by Shakespeare’s decision not to show the murder, instead shifting the focus onto the scenes preceding and following the offstage event, where suspense for the murder is built up in the audience’s minds using dark imagery, and emphasis is put on how Macbeth and Lady Macbeth begin to come to terms with what they have done and what lays ahead for them now they have committed this heinous crime.

Internship Midterm Report

Bad is a non-profit organization that publishes magazines and provides counseling services such as phone counseling, email counseling, face to face counseling. My mall Job responsible Is to writing articles and phone counseling, other than that, there are some minor responsible for the Job, such as help Administrative Department if needed. In phone counseling section, I need to record the cases, my suggestion and my analysis of the cases, for the purpose of follow up when other counselors pick up the phone.For certain cases, we are referring to some centers to follow up or In need, such as unmarried mother. Except phone counseling, another opportunity of this job is able to write articles regarding counseling. I have to come out a topic about some issue regarding youth, such as financial management, thanksgiving, and etc. While the time that writing articles, I have to collect some resources from various area, for example, online websites, magazines, and some books.Articles writing a lso required some technique that different from assignments and report. When I writing an articles, that prefer to SE the word â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"you† or â€Å"them† in order to bring a closer distant to reader and similarity as well, and also, there Is no blaming Issue happen by using word â€Å"we† so that we are not bring offend towards anyone. 2. 0 VALUE 2. 1 Person-centered Therapy The most common therapy matter being used nowadays Is Person-centered Therapy, in which the people are the center of the counseling section.Even we learned it from very beginning, but there are mistakes that I make subconsciously, like blaming fault. Even some mistakes that I know very well and trying to avoid, but cause of never realized that, I been made all those mistakes that shouldn't make In any condition. Fortunately, my â€Å"teacher† is there to tell me where I make mistakes. As my supervisor told me, they can't make adjustment for every word from my mouth towards people, and yet, that might cause their disappointment towards phone counseling If I not doing In a good way. 2. Practical Counseling Technique Every words that we say in counseling section is directly transfer to people, there is no time to consider what therapy matter to use during that time. The things that we can do are analyze what the people say and find out the root of the problem, and then, we take all useful Information to help people to solve their problems. Sometimes, they are troubled because they don't know what to do with the problem, and they call for a solution. That might break the rule of not giving any opinion or 1 OFF know what to do.Therefore, we will give some unavoidable opinion in certain situation, and we try to minimize the space to people to ask for opinion, even though they ask, we are not giving if that can be avoid. According my supervisor, we should ask people to step out the first step if possible, for the first step is the important action to solve problem. Without the first step, there is no further to move on. 2. 3 Selective Attention Every counselor will be facing the same problem during counseling section, the client/patient talk many things and yet not everything related or useful.Therefore, we need to filter out some â€Å"rubbish information† or repeated phrase. Selective attention is what we need within the counseling section, as we have limited time to hold the hone counseling. Within about 20-30 minutes, we have to know what the problem(s) is/are and get as much useful information as we could to examine the problem(s), so we can guide people to a right way to solve the problem. Indeed, selective attention is the useful element for counseling section that to eliminate the information that not helping in solving the problem(s). . 4 Multitasking skill Due to hearing phone counseling and article writing in the same time, I may apply multitasking in the situation. There is no sign to know hotlist wi ll ring during I doing y other works such as writing article, therefore sometimes that may required multitasking skill to handle the situation. To remember what the people say and come out with a suggestion at the same time required not only multitasking skill alone, that may also recall short term memory.Sometimes, there are more than Just two things to handle if I'm alone in the office while others went out or doing things, that time is the best time to practice multitasking skill for future. A man who can handle multiple things at the same time may not be qualified to enter a good ignition, but that easily to be put in consideration as many Jobs required multitasking skill. There are some expectations for every Job; The Bridge Communication Sad Bad is not the exception.I have 2 expectations when I decided to start my internship in The Bridge Communication Sad Bad. 3. 1 Practical Counseling Technique Every student who enters a counseling organization or department may expect to ga in some practical counseling techniques to equip ourselves for future path. Even though we learned many theories and matters from textbooks in class, but to practice t is never same like Just an assignment. In counseling department, I would like to learn how to have a counseling section with all the things I learned.That is a truth for everyone who been working in counseling services, what we learn and what we practice can be very different. During counseling, there is no therapy matter but only some rules to be aware, such as no offend or blaming, always request people to take a first step. 3. 2 Articles Writing Skill As expect before internship start in The Bridge Communication Sad Bad for articles writing been mentioned as one of the Job description, I excited to have this as part of my work.Most of the organization didn't manage to offer articles writing to internship students, even employees since they have no magazine publication within the organization. This would be the inte resting Job description for an internship student to learn more through writing articles, in which I can improve and corrected patients for that may bring either positive or negative effect towards them, yet, that lead a perception of counseling towards people.

Free Essays on Sport As A National Identity

Reflection Paper – Sport as a National Identity The world of sports has left our country full of emotions. Sports can make us laugh, cheer, hate, and even cry. It is very powerful and it has a major impact on the lives that we lead. Many times we can see people, including myself, rushing through their work, dinner, and family time in order to be in front of the television before the start of a big game. The World Series this year was one of the best series of all time. It was filled with so much emotion because it was the dominant Yankees, representing New York after the September 11 tragedy, against the newest team and underdog, Arizona Diamondbacks. You could not take your eyes off the game because if you did you might have missed some of the most significant and amazing comebacks in history. That World Series also meant a lot to our country for our National pride. My heart was filled with emotion, but also pride when the television focused on the flag that was flying over Yankee stadium during the World Series. It was the same flag that was flying over the World Trade Center the day it was attacked. Showing that flag, with the holes and damage it had received, sent a message to every American and the rest of the world. That flag flying over the World Series told the world that even though we might get hit, we will get up, dust off our wounds and continue to strive and live life the way that we want to live it. That World Series, I believe was the most recent show of national soldiatary and patriotism during a sporting event. Because of the recent attack on our country, sport and baseball were used as part of the healing process. With all that was going on in New York City the Mayor, Rudy Guilliani, still took his time out for every game to be sitting in the front row to show his support for the team that was representing his city. The Mayor most likely had a functionalist theory type of thinking. That is, he a... Free Essays on Sport As A National Identity Free Essays on Sport As A National Identity Reflection Paper – Sport as a National Identity The world of sports has left our country full of emotions. Sports can make us laugh, cheer, hate, and even cry. It is very powerful and it has a major impact on the lives that we lead. Many times we can see people, including myself, rushing through their work, dinner, and family time in order to be in front of the television before the start of a big game. The World Series this year was one of the best series of all time. It was filled with so much emotion because it was the dominant Yankees, representing New York after the September 11 tragedy, against the newest team and underdog, Arizona Diamondbacks. You could not take your eyes off the game because if you did you might have missed some of the most significant and amazing comebacks in history. That World Series also meant a lot to our country for our National pride. My heart was filled with emotion, but also pride when the television focused on the flag that was flying over Yankee stadium during the World Series. It was the same flag that was flying over the World Trade Center the day it was attacked. Showing that flag, with the holes and damage it had received, sent a message to every American and the rest of the world. That flag flying over the World Series told the world that even though we might get hit, we will get up, dust off our wounds and continue to strive and live life the way that we want to live it. That World Series, I believe was the most recent show of national soldiatary and patriotism during a sporting event. Because of the recent attack on our country, sport and baseball were used as part of the healing process. With all that was going on in New York City the Mayor, Rudy Guilliani, still took his time out for every game to be sitting in the front row to show his support for the team that was representing his city. The Mayor most likely had a functionalist theory type of thinking. That is, he a...

Poring over Pore and Pour

Poring over Pore and Pour Poring over Pore and Pour Poring over Pore and Pour By Maeve Maddox Some confusion appears to exist regarding the use of pour and pore. Charlie complains that he has to pour through stacks of badly-written letters to the editor every day. In this context the word should be pore. The usual idiom is to pore over. Apparently the preposition through has entered into use, as in the above quotation, and as in this headline in the New York Times: Teachers Pore Through Stacks Of Possibilities The verb pore, with the meaning examine closely, may derive from two Old English words, a verb, spyrian, meaning to investigate, examine, and a noun, spor, meaning a trace, vestige. The noun pore, meaning an opening in the skin, is not related to the verb in the expression to pore over. The noun comes from a Greek word meaning a passageway. The verb pour, meaning to transfer water or some other substance from a container, came into English by way of Old French from a Latin verb, purare, to purify. In ritual practice, objects are purified by pouring water over them. The English word pure comes from Latin purus, pure. The Latin verb came from the Latin noun. Memory device: Lore is learning, knowledge, doctrine. To become well-versed in computer lore or the lore of magic, or the lore of religion, one must pore over learned tomes. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?How to spell "in lieu of"8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Anything Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Anything - Essay Example In order for one to get good housing the amount of money he is paid becomes a factor. This essay will examine the trends in house inequalities and the financial position of an individual in details. The constant gap in house ownership rates between whites and black has continued to increase though barriers in homeownership for the minority groups were lifted long time ago. The current housing policy now targets minority homeownership with the specific intention of closing the gap in house ownership among different groups. The informal development of urban land which was traditionally perceived as an important way through which the poorest residents of the urban centers got shelter. This has changed since increasingly middle, and high-income households are buying land informally for housing. It is clear that those workers who are able to learn new working skills especially in technology will benefit from higher salaries. But on the other hand those who are used to carrying out routine jobs which can be handled by computers and robots will be competing with few jobs or will be pushed into low-skill jobs and hence it will be difficult for them to afford buying better houses (Tally 22). Opportunities for middle-income households to purchase a house on the formal market are limited. Those who come from the families with low income struggle to construct low-cost housing though this is hindered by fluctuations in the price and availability of raw materials which increases construction time and expenses and can stretch the budgets of the developer beyond the monetary capability of the scheme. High monthly costs in both the rental and ownership markets compared to low land prices has encouraged middle-income households to seek shelter through informal channels. Growing demand for informal land has thus placed pressure on supply, resulting in rising land prices, effectively reducing accessibility by